Ciencias formales segun mario bunge biography
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Filosofía científica
La filosofía científica[1] es la visión metafilosófica según la cual toda la filosofía debe ser una disciplina elaborada en continuidad con la ciencia y desarrollada lo más claramente posible, incluso si es necesario, a veces, también haciendo uso de herramientas formales (lógico-matemáticas[2]). Es un modo de filosofar en el que se elaboran teorías filosóficas sistemáticas (sistemas hipotético-deductivos) sobre problemas de diversa índole, naturales, sociales, etc. y en un rango muy general de problematización (de dominio filosófico) de forma exacta y con auxilio de las ciencias disponibles en su momento, siendo siempre un proyecto revisable y criticable en todo momento.
A veces el adjetivo de 'científica' que compone la expresión se considera también como una mera etiqueta para diferenciar la filosofía informada de ciencia actualizada de toda aquella forma de filosofía que, exacta o vaga, omite en todo caso la ciencia;[3] se s
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Philosophy of Science in Latin America
1. Historical Background
It is useful to begin with a brief historical background. Science and scientific thought have long functioned in Latin America as beacons of civic hope and progress amidst multiple recurrent frustrations that vary in kind and texture from place to place. In most of the region, the Enlightenment ideals that fueled independence movements of the early nineteenth century were quickly disappointed by the chaos and general barbarism that followed in much of the region until the 1860s. It was different in Brazil, where emancipation from Europe occurred gradually and orderly during the century, but there too problems grew as did also tensions between the economic elite and the country’s leading liberal thinkers.
Reacting against expanding frustration, many Latin Americans saw a solution in the “scientific” ways of thinking dominant in the industrialized countries. In the 1850s a progressive philosophy was
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Philosophy of Biology in Latin America
1. A Brief Discussion on Philosophy of Biology
We will begin with a few words about philosophy of biology before diving into a more detailed discussion. As in all regions, there are many ways of working within philosophy of biology in Latin America. Various authors (Griffiths 2008 [2018]; Odenbaugh & Griffiths 2020; and Kitcher 2005) have identified fyra distinct kinds of philosophical inquiry that fall beneath the general heading of philosophy of biology, and we could add a fifth.
First, there fryst vatten the reassessment of some problems, theses, and solutions developed in general philosophy of science or in other special philosophy of science, within the context of biology. Second, we have the analysis of logical, semantic, pragmatic, epistemological, methodological, ontological, praxiological, axiological, ethical, and aesthetic aspects of biology. Third, specific conceptual problems in biology are analyzed philosophically. Fourth, biology, o